Eternal Law and Human Law

Unceasing Law and Human Law As people live in this world, laws and guidelines are carefully implemented for the equity, wellbeing, and privileges of the people. Regardless of whether those laws are endless or worldly, all laws require principles. Holy person Augustine’s On the Free Choice of the Will talks about these principles and characterizes what every laws mean. In particular, Augustine contends that interminable law is essential for transient law to exist and for the country to work appropriately. I concur with Augustine’s contention on the need of both interminable law and human law and the conviction of how worldly law depends on endless law.According to Augustine, unceasing law is a law that is simply, constant, and follows the best possible requesting and thinking. This endless law is additionally what the requesting of everything depends on. He additionally accepts that when one seeks after their life dependent on unceasing things, for example, truth, inform ation, and love, at that point they are carrying on with a real existence under interminable law. In any case, in the event that one chooses to carry on with an existence of want for transient things, for example, cash, assets, and physical appearances, at that point they are living under a worldly law where their bliss won't last long.This law, which is tradable with human law, makes a country all around requested, where the individuals are permitted to assign authorities with their own decisions and acquire numerous different rights. Endless and human laws proposed by Augustine are fundamental to society; however both basic, Augustine separates the two. Augustine clarifies that interminable law puts together its guidelines with respect to God and He is the leader of this law; this law is the law by which God controls all creation. It can likewise be described as the â€Å"divine reason or the desire of God, a will which orders the common order† (Fitzgerald and Cavadini, 583 ).On the other hand, transient law is liable to change in such examples as the appointment of another president, or establishment of new laws. While interminable law both controls human undertakings and administers unceasing things, human law is exclusively restricted to the guideline of human issues. Endless law is changeless and irreversible; there are no authorities or a president to interminable law since God is the norm, and consequently it is constant. Endless law is all around material where human law varies in the middle of countries and nations, even tates. In spite of the fact that there are numerous contrasts between interminable law and human law, Augustine expounds that unceasing law is both essential and significant for human law to exist. He accepts that what is viewed as just in human law is gotten from endless law. At the end of the day, â€Å"eternal law is the proportion of the fleeting law’s justice† (Dilman, 77). What is viewed as worldly might be modified as per the changing conditions of men and their social plans, yet at the same time stay just by the proportion of unceasing law.Human law exists in light of the fact that everlasting law is available to us right now at this time. Augustine reasons that endless law is simply; in this way everything is requested in the furthest extent under this law. I concur with Augustine in that endless law envelops human law. Perusing Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will, I was persuaded that interminable law is perpetual in light of the fact that it is autonomous of the changing conditions of men, however worldly laws are continually changing as years pass by in light of the fact that we face new generations.Therefore, there must be where transient law can base on. Furthermore, that limit is everlasting law. For lucidity, a case of human law and endless law can be analyzed. A notable law that everybody ought to follow is that of the lawful drinking age. In the United States, the lawful drinking age is 21, notwithstanding, in different nations, for example, Mexico, the lawful drinking age is 18. Human law is diverse between numerous nations and it is worldly on the grounds that individuals in United States are raising their voices to bring down the drinking age to 18.Therefore, the legitimate drinking age law is liable to change as residents are continually raising this point. Nonetheless, in unceasing law there is no drinking age yet it is advising the sound person to not to get dependent on drinking and to discover more beneficial wants other than the utilization of liquor. Under everlasting law, drinking isn't what life is about; there are such a significant number of other huge undertakings and encounters that people need to satisfy during their life times in this world.Eternal law says to adore interminable things, not what is a transient bliss. With this model, I am contending that human law depends on interminable law since human law builds up the la wful drinking age so youthful ages can discover what their actual intelligence is before being acquainted with common delights and wind up lost without having understood the genuine reason for their reality. To adhere to transient law is to cherish the animal and the creation more than the Creator.The want for counterfeit and materialistic things will prompt discontent, both for the individual and the general public in general. In any case, on the off chance that all men cherished just endless things, at that point there would be no requirement for worldly law, which oversees our day by day lives. Subsequently, transient law is important to limit the activities of those men who love fleeting things. Fleeting law isn't intended to rebuff men who do adore transient things, however is fairly for the criminal activities that men perpetrate in view of their over the top wants for these things.This all returns to the possibility that God made the universe and He is the man of everlasting law, and we have to cherish him more than some other things in this world. Extraordinary advantages and gifts will be compensated to those men that truly look for insight, love, certified ideals, and truth than to those men that live unfairly aching just for riches, desire, physical excellence and numerous natural things. Taking everything into account, it is both significant that laws administer society and significant that laws request human decisions and relational relations.But it is increasingly important that interminable law oversees these laws of society since it is consistently present, extreme norm and endures no special cases. In this way endless law is essential for human laws to exist and control the defiled society to improve things. Works Cited Dilman, Ilham. â€Å"Free Will: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction. † Google Books. Routledge, n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. Fitzgerald, Allan D. , and John C. Cavadini. â€Å"Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclop edia. † Google Books. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.

Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture - Research Paper Example nly by their kindred Irishman yet by Irish establishments, the consequence of which has been the propagation of the view of the gathering as a negative effect on the way of life. Proof of this is clear in the manner the gathering recognizes itself rather than how others distinguish them. While Travelers call themselves pavees, they are regularly alluded to by their kindred Irishman as pikeys, knackers and gyposâ€all exceptionally harsh terms basically shorthand for pickpockets and hoodlums. A guest to Ireland may hear them called â€Å"tinkers,† an apparently generous term yet additionally unfavorable in that as indicated by Irish legend tinkers, or tinsmiths were in some way or another engaged with the creation the cross of Christ. The genuine assignment, notwithstanding, may have more to do with the way that Travelers to introduce move from town to town selling and fixing pots among different occupations. Hedican (2000) in his survey of Heilleiner composes, â€Å"The birthplaces of the Irish Travelers ...are... obscure† (p.1). Utilizing history as a guide, Hedican (2000), as do different researchers, proposes, â€Å"One beginning legend co nsiders them to be the leftovers of Irish nobles lost their homes by the Cromwellian cleanse of Irish landed aristocracy...Another account follows their starting points to the Great Famine of the late 1840s† (p. 1). Countering the last hypothesis, legend and history follows the potential sources of the gathering as far back as pre-Celtic minstrels. Since Travelers have no recorded history, it is difficult to state, and the discussion proceeds. In spite of the fact that quite a bit of what is said and known is fringe, academic investigations present clear proof in regards to how and why these migrant individuals have come to be singled out in their nation, and furthermore the part which prejudice, in the entirety of its structures, plays in that prohibition. In 2005 the United Nations, worried about Irish institutional and government arrangements with respect to Travelers, requested a bookkeeping from the administration to the International Covenant for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial

Social Responsibility Ethics in Marketing

Social Responsibility Ethics in Marketing © Shutterstock.com | garagestockThough the pursuit of social responsibility and ethical marketing does not automatically translate into increased profit, it is still the responsibility of the firm to ensure it is responsible for its actions and their impact on society. This article will study, 1) understanding business ethics and socially responsible marketing, 2)  developing and implementing a socially responsible marketing plan, 3) main aspects of socially responsible marketing, 4) characteristics of socially responsible marketing, 5)  5 benefits of integrating ethics into your marketing strategy, 6) ethical issues faced in marketing, and 7) summary of unethical marketing practices that ruin companies.UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS ETHICS AND SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETINGTo be socially responsible is when the organization is concerned about people, society and environment with whom and where it conducts business. In it’s most basic form, socially responsible marketing is taking moral a ctions that encourage a positive impact on all the company’s stakeholders, including employees, community, consumers, and shareholders. The main responsibility of marketers in this aspect is to package and communicate the organization’s decisions that will impact the various communities with which they interact. Consumers have the right and power to decide which companies succeed or fail; so marketers have a major responsibility to ensure their practices are seen as philanthropic without being phony. BrandKarma is the perfect example of one of the means by which consumers make these decisions. Ethical Marketing in GeneralEthical Marketing is a philosophy that focus focuses on honesty, fairness and responsibility. Though wrong and right are subjective, a general set of guidelines can be put in place to ensure the company’s intent is broadcasted and achieved. Principles of this practice include:A shared standard of truth in marketing communicationsA clear distinction between adv ertising and sensationalismEndorsements should be clear and transparentConsumers’ privacy should be maintained at all timesGovernment standards and regulations must be adhered and practiced by marketers.American Ethical Norms and Values for marketersThe American Marketing Association has designed a statement of ethics that governs marketers’ actions. The introduction of the statement reads in summary that values are the representation of the collective idea of desirable and morally correct conduct. And that the values outlined in the document serve as the standard by which individuals measure their own actions and those of others including marketers. These values facilitate best practices when transacting business with the public and all involved.There are 6 ethical values that marketers are expected to uphold, and these are:Honesty Be forthright in dealings and offer value and integrity.Responsibility Accept consequences of marketing practices and serve the needs of customers of all types, while being good stewards of the environment.Fairness Balance buyer needs and seller interest fairly, and avoid manipulation in all forms while protecting the information of the consumers.Respect Acknowledge basic human dignity of all the people involved through efforts to communicate, understand and meet needs and appreciate contributions of others.Transparency Create a spirit of openness in the practice of marketing through communication, constructive criticism, action, and disclosure.Citizenship Fulfill all legal, economic, philanthropic and societal responsibilities to all stakeholders as well as giveback to the community and protect the ecological environment.Canadian Marketing Code of Ethics and Standards and PracticesThe Canadian Marketing Association also has a code of ethics and standards, which is a self-regulatory guideline for marketers. Though marketers are responsible for their marketing content, members of the CMA must abide the code. The principles of this code include:Truthfulness, which is an accurate representation of products and support of claims, made.Personal Information protection, which is defined in the Personal Information Protection and Electronics Documents Act (PIPEDA).Campaign Limitation covers non-involvement in disparaging or exploitative practices and the protection of vulnerable consumer groups such as children, teenagers, people with disabilities and the elderly.Merging Social Responsibility and MarketingCompanies are aware that consumers are savvy and opinionated. So with this in mind, firms should create an ethically sound marketing plan and integrate it into all aspects of their marketing mix.Do good not just to look good focus on being responsible and how your firm can truly help the neighborhood or country. It is in doing so that your customers, the press, and all those watching will be impressed.Think about long term effects, not short term gains short sighted companies will undervalue the impact o f responsible marketing for instantly gratifying increase.Speak up against company policies that do not reflect the ethical profile of the company as the face of the company, marketers should voice their concerns when there is a potential for a practice to be seen as unethical.DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETING PLANWhile ethics and social responsibility are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference between the two terms. Ethics tends to focus on the individual or marketing group decision, while social responsibility takes into consideration the total effect of marketing practices on society. In order to foster an ethical and socially responsible behavior pattern among marketers while achieving company objectives, special care must be taken to monitor trends and shifts in society’s values and beliefs. Next, marketers should forecast the long-term effects of the decisions that pertain to those changes. Bearing in mind that a company cannot sati sfy the needs of an entire society, it best serves marketers to focus their most costly efforts on their target market, while being aware of the values of society as a whole. Five simple steps every marketer can take to create a sustainable socially responsible market plan are:Define what is ethical marketing for your firm.Decide which branch of ethics your marketers will apply.Determine how the ethical approach to marketing will be implemented.Discuss areas of the firm’s operations that ethical marketing will be included as part of the program.Analyse and assess how much ethical marketing will cost the company and compare this against the benefits of ethical marketing in the long run.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]MAIN ASPECTS OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETINGSocial conscious marketing addresses the shortcomings of traditional marketing practices and follows the philosophy of mindfulness and responsibility. This philosophy states according to Chron.com, that company-marketing practices should be based on consumer satisfaction, innovative ideas and offer society long-term value and benefit.Below is the list of main aspects socially responsible marketing practice rely on. Consumer OrientationThis socially responsible practice teaches that companies should base policies and operations on a consumer perspective.   Not only will the marketer discover the customers’ needs, they will also, look at their plans as if they were the users.  As an example, an over crowded website with lots of ads dumped onto it will be easily spotted if the marketers were to practice this method.InnovationImproving products and services in innovative manner improves the experience for users. And improving ma rketing strategies, polices, and brand personality, on an ongoing basis will position your company as an innovative experience to be repeated and passed on.Value of the productA company that produces valuable products and focuses on offering the customer great pricing, excellent experiences and great customer service will not have to resort to pushy sales tactics and gimmicks. Apple brand is famous for having people happily wait in line overnight to be first to own an upgraded product.Sense of MissionA clearly defined corporate mission will help companies be clear about their plans, goals, and practices. By putting the good of the community and associates over profit, companies will indeed see an increase in the number of consumers willing to pay premium prices for their products.Impact On SocietyUnlike traditional marketing focus, which was cost reduction and profit increase, socially responsible marketers are more focused on providing goods and services consumers want, gaining fee dback for improvement and giving back to the communities that helped them become who they are.CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETINGMarketers get the right products to the right people at the right time. Ethical marketers ensure the products meet and exceed their needs, back up their claims and offer value to the customers over time while finding opportunities to pay it forward. A company that uses ethical and socially responsible marketing strategy will gain the respect and trust of the customers they target and interact with. Over long term, this will translate to greater benefits all round. Today’s firms can make their practices more ethical and responsible by perfecting the following characteristics.Safety: Any product or service that could be hazardous to the health conditions of people, animals or the environment should have clear advisories and warnings. Once the problem is identified the company can collect data to help improve the product and reduce or eliminat e the danger. An example would be fast food restaurants eliminating the use of hydrogenated oils even before trans fats were banned.Honesty: Ensuring a product satisfies a need it promises to, or aids in providing a lifestyle it advertises. Advertising should be transparent about possible side effects and not puff up results, so clients come to respect the honesty of your advertising.Transparency: Any techniques to manipulate and hide facts and information customers need could harm a company. Just think of the way people regard a company such as Enron that hid information and was not open to the stakeholders about what was happening.Ethical Pricing: Gathering data about your target market will give you information on how much they are willing to pay for your product. The rest of the pricing strategy, in a simplified manner, should be based on overhead costs and supply and demand. Creating fake shortages and bad mouthing the competition are considered unethical marketing practices.Re specting Customer Privacy: When customers trust enough to allow you access to their information, selling it to lead companies or obtaining prospective customers’ information without permission is unethical and breaks trust. Nobody wants to buy from the creepy guys, no matter how beautifully packaged their products are.5 BENEFITS OF INTEGRATING ETHICS INTO YOUR MARKETING STRATEGY#1: Moral Marketing Compass: This is especially important in economic downturns, when unethical practices become tempting.#2: Win-win Marketing: The focus on customer value will increase company value.#3: Keeps marketing legal: Reduces the risk of cutting corners and turning a blind eye.#4: Goodwill: Goodwill and strong reputation among clients and associates are the benefits which companies cannot afford to overlook. Not only will customers believe that the company cares for them, but will also associate the brand with pleasant feelings and experiences and spread the word.#5: Improved quality of recruits a nd increases retention: A good company attracts good employees, suppliers, investors, and customers, who will be happy to help the company to achieve its goals. Great marketing practices make new marketers feel like their time on the job will make a difference and so will be less likely to change jobs, as will suppliers and other people involved.ETHICAL ISSUES FACED IN MARKETINGSo far we have seen that ethical marketing can guide advertising, research and data use, strategies for gaining an edge over the competition and company polices. However, there can also be some problems that arise from trying to employ an ethical marketing strategy.Irresponsible Market Research: Improper market research and grouping can lead to stereotyping that shapes undesirable beliefs and attitudes and consequently affect marketing behavior. For example, assuming that all women like pink and therefore basing an entire advertising campaign on that belief could be a costly mistake.Selecting Specific Market Audience: According to Boundless.com, the use of selective marketing practice is to weed out the consumers considered by companies as less than ideal, but often causes social disparity and unrest. Practices such as Victoria Secrets’ Perfect Body Campaign, which came under a lot of fire from consumers for excluding every woman but those shaped like the long legged, thin and well endowed supermodels in their ad, can turn people away from a company.Unethical Advertising and Promotion: Making false claims about what the product does and its importance is an unethical way to gain profit.  For many years, Nestlé has been the target of many boycotts for predatory and aggressively marketing baby foods, especially to women in poorer countries as a better substitute to breastfeeding. This manipulative marketing technique has caused a lot of damage and loss to these children and their families.Delivery Channel practices: Marketing in ways like cold calling through telemarketing companies t hat purchase leads are not only annoying, they are disruptive and untrustworthy. Unsolicited approaches are these days almost synonymous with direct marketing and has left the industry with a tainted reputation. So have television commercials, email spam and direct mail, which people are going to significant lengths to avoid.Dealing with competitors: Many companies advertise cheap prices as a “bait” and then once they draw in the customers, “switch” them over to a more costly product, because the advertised good was not available, insufficient or not of any value to the customer. Many online surveys and work at home opportunities use this unethical marketing technique.Pricing strategies: Predatory pricing or pricing beneath the competition so as to cannibalize the market and restrict the competition is an unethical pricing strategy. And setting up barriers that prevent smaller companies from entering the market is unethical as well. SUMMARY OF (UN)ETHICAL MARKETINGTo sum thi s all up, in order to be ethical in marketing attempts, businesses should make honest claims, and excel at satisfying the needs of their customers. This practice over time builds trust and customer confidence in your brand’s integrity and therefore leads to loyalty, customer and employee retention, greet public relations and increase in business from customers spreading the word.Unethical marketing behaviors will achieve the exact opposite and in time could even lead companies into legal troubles and dissemination of a bad reputation and worse customer experience. Below are practices of unethical marketing, which you should avoid in order not to ruin your company.Exploitation â€" avoid using scare tactics and hard sell and protect the vulnerable consumer.Spam  avoid flooding a customer’s voicemail, mailbox, email or any other means of communication with unsolicited messages or aggressive advances.Bad mouthing Competition  focus on the value and benefit of your product and poin t out its unique selling point, the consumers are smart enough to choose the better product.Misleading Advertisement and Information â€"any exaggerated claims or dishonest promises will cause the customers to mistrust you and even determine the failure of your brand.Philanthropic gestures for public relations â€" giving to charities solely for a tax write off will make the company appear callous and uncaring and people tend to shy away from these types of companies and spend money where they feel the leaders and marketers are especially humane and gracious.

How to Conjugate Nourrir (to Feed) in French

If you can remember that it also means to nourish, you can  associate the French verb  nourrir  with to feed. Its also important to remember that its different from  manger, which means to eat.  The primary difference is that  nourrir  is typically used when feeding someone else, not necessarily eating food yourself. Along with memorizing the word nourrir, youll also need to know its conjugations. This lesson will introduce you to the most basic of those so you can say things like I fed and we are feeding. The Basic Conjugations of  Nourrir Proper French grammar requires verb conjugations so the verb may be used to form complete sentences. The most common conjugates are in the indicative mood, which let you express  nourrir  in the present, future, or imperfect past tense. Nourrir  is a  regular -ir verb. This means it follows a relatively common conjugation pattern found in French. If youve studied verbs like  reunir  (to reunite)  or  punir  (to punish), you can apply the same endings you learned for those to this verb. In any conjugation, its important to identify the verb stem (or radical) before anything else. For  nourrir, that is  nourr-. From there, youll add a new ending for every subject pronoun within each tense. The chart will help you learn which ending is required. For instance,  I am feeding is  je nourris  and we will feed is  nous nourrirons. Present Future Imperfect je nourris nourrirai nourrissais tu nourris nourriras nourrissais il nourrit nourrira nourrissait nous nourrissons nourrirons nourrissions vous nourrissez nourrirez nourrissiez ils nourrissent nourriront nourrissaient The Present Participle of  Nourrir As with all regular -ir verbs, the present participle of nourrir is formed with an -issant ending. This produces the word nourrissant. Nourrir  in the Compound Past Tense The compound past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. It requires the  past participle  nourri  along with an auxiliary verb, in this case,  avoir. Begin by conjugating  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject, then attach  nourri. This results in compounds such as  jai nourri  (I fed) and  nous avons nourri  (we fed). More Simple Conjugations of  Nourrir While you can learn more complex conjugations, a few more simple forms of  nourrir  will round out this introductory lesson. Theyre useful in a few different circumstances and can really help out your French vocabulary. The subjunctive  is a verb mood that implies uncertainty to the act of feeding.  The conditional  says that the action will only happen under certain conditions. Though you may only find the literary tenses of  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  in written French, they are still good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je nourrisse nourrirais nourris nourrisse tu nourrisses nourrirais nourris nourrisses il nourrisse nourrirait nourrit nourrà ®t nous nourrissions nourririons nourrà ®mes nourrissions vous nourrissiez nourririez nourrà ®tes nourrissiez ils nourrissent nourriraient nourrirent nourrissent The  imperative  is the one time in French verbs when its okay to skip the subject pronoun. When using it, feel free to simplify  tu nourris  to  nourris. Imperative (tu) nourris (nous) nourrissons (vous) nourrissez

Essay on Conflict Management - 1382 Words

Introduction to conflict The term conflict referred to perceived incompatible differenced resulting in some form of interference or opposition. Conflict is a natural part of organizational life because the goals between mangers and workers are often incompatible. If people perceive that differences exist then conflict state exists. Conflict is not exists between individual only, it also can exist between departments and divisions that compete for resources or even because of overlapped authority. However, conflict is a force that needed to be managed or to be resolved but can not be eliminated. Unless is fully resolved, it may remain latent in the situation as a lingering basis for future conflicts over or related to a same matter.†¦show more content†¦The sources of Conflict The sources of conflict can be basically separated into three categories which are communication differences, structural differences and personal differences. Communication differences mean the failure of two individuals to share fully the meaning of a communicative attempt. It is arises from semantic difficulties, misunderstandings, and noise in communication channels. There maybe disagreements caused by different role requirement, unit goals, personalities, value systems or other factors. Since in an organization, people and tasks are divided into departments to accomplish an organization ¡Ã‚ ¦s goals, departments may only concern on their own department efficiency and cost controlling. Therefore, they have incompatible goals and time horizons, as a result there can be conflict. For example, a production department may have there own production plan to produce a product and avoid paying production workers overtime in order to cut down costs. However, the Marketing department thinks that it is important to deliver the product to their customer on time and paying overtime to workers is a kind of responsibility to their customers. Sometimes, there are two or more managers or departments would think that they had authority over a certain activities or tasks, and claim authority on the same tasks. But most of managersShow MoreRelatedConflict Management1178 Words   |  5 PagesConflict is a fact of life - for individuals, organizations, and societies. The costs of confl ict are well-documented - high turnover, grievances and lawsuits, absenteeism, divorce, dysfunctional families, prejudice, fear. What many people dont realize is that well-managed conflict can actually be a force for positive change. 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When individuals are in a disagreement about something like policies and procedures or even the overall direction of which an organization or company is heading it can become very frustrating. As we all know conflict the process of conflict usually begins when an individual or party has perceived

Evolution of Patriarchy and Matriarchy in Ancient...

The Evolution of Matriarchy to Patriarchy Patriarchy is defined as â€Å"a system in which men largely control women and children and also shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior.† Throughout history, climate change brought on changes throughout all developing civilizations and societies, most importantly in agriculture. The development of agriculture led to the formation of complex societies, the idea of surplus, population growth, and new technologies. As these effects of agriculture became more prominent in growing societies, women were unable to participate in some of the economic and agricultural activities due to their biological purpose – reproduction. The new working environments were unsuitable for children, which caused women†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"All of these societies gave women considerable influence within a matrilineal culture, even if men usually had the decision making power.† During these societies, it can be said that the â€Å"Golden Age of Matriarchy†4 occ urred during this period of time where simple farming and hunting and gathering was a major role. All of the societies that engaged in simple farming and hunting and gathering had more powerful and authoritative roles in society because they were not fully focused on reproduction. Instead, these societies wanted to limit their population due to inefficient amounts of resources. As climate change took over in Mesopotamia such as extreme flooding of the Nile River in Egypt and the growing problem of desertification, societies could no longer rely on hunting and gathering. These methods were no longer producing the amount of food needed to support the steadily growing civilizations. Farming techniques were introduced which caused societies to develop new and complex ways for food production such as irrigation, horticulture, and shifting cultivation. â€Å"Food production and urbanization led to the formation of states: formal political organization.† The change from simple farm ing to complex farming made it harder for women to participate because of reproduction. Since the society was growing so rapidly, there came a need for more people in the society with all of the jobs created. The role of women became primarily focused on reproduction, which created aShow MoreRelated Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy Essay2508 Words   |  11 Pages Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy In addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes varies across cultures and time. Images of women, mostly figurines of the same type as the quot;Venusquot;Read MoreWomen in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy2592 Words   |  11 Pagesconsiderably more important, if not dominant, role in Paleolithic society; that possibly a matriarchy existed and women ruled. That means men havent always been the leaders; its not an inborn quality (as a lot of them suggest)! br brJohann Bachofen was a 19th Century Swiss archaeologist and classicist who was among the first to recognize the presence of an early matriarchal stage in proto-European cultural evolution. Bachofen used Greek myth to support his arguments. He felt that there were three culturalRead MoreGender Inequality and Patriarchy Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pages Gender inequality has been an issue since long before the 1840s, when feminists finally brought the problem to light. Most ancient cultures were societies based on gender inequality, skewed towards male-dominance. Most societies are still mostly patriarchal, in fact. Patriarchy is the root of discrimination between sexes and genders and has been for a very long time. The words ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are commonly confused with each other in regular, everyday conversations when the two have veryRead MoreJudy Chicago Dinner Party Essay6539 Words   |  27 Pagesstudios make up the informative core of this documentary film. In an unpublished manuscript entitled The Revelations of the Goddess, Chicago creates a mythic context for The Dinner Party. The book begins with the creation of the world and the early Matriarchy, and then describes the establishment of Patriarchal society. The Great Goddess prophesies that one day the wisdom of women will be needed again: Until that day, in each generation, some of your daughters and their daughters must be my Disciples

Recruitment And Selection Function Of Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Recruitment And Selection Function Of Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction Recruitment and selection function of human resource management is extremely important as it helps in finding the right candidate for a job(Armstrong, 2011). It is difficult to find candidates for high skilled jobs because supply of skilled workforce is less than its demand. This issue can be resolved by directly contacting skilled candidates(Brown, 2011). Directly contacting candidates or head hunting is a special form of recruitment where an individual is directly contacted by an organisation for recruitment purpose. Recruitment Plan Recruitment plan helps in making proper recruitment strategies (Dhamija, 2012). Following is a recruitment plan for hiring wind turbine engineer to lead an energy project. Recruitment Plan Recruitment Objectives- Attracting candidates with high level of expertise and skills in project management, communication, legal systems and leadership abilities. Filling the skill deficit in the organisation by hiring a suitable candidate for the requirement of wind turbine engineer through directly contacting candidates. Recruitment Budget- $10000 Job Description Title: Senior Wind Turbine Engineer Location - Tasmania Reporting to- CEO Job purpose summary Leading the project Supervising construction Negotiating with Government planners Managing labour issues Salary- $350 000 per annum plus housing, a car and relocation allowance of $25 000. Hiring strategy Directly contacting candidates to take part in the recruitment process Shortlisting of companies from which the head hunting is to be done Procuring details and contact numbers of employees of various companies suiting the job description Hosting of expert centric conferences and seminars to generate a database of suitable candidates who are working for other companies. Use of social media to contact candidates Contacting the candidates and offering them a chance to take part in the recruitment process Fixing an appointment for interview if possible. Finalization of the candidates based on interview Table 1: Source: Made by Author (2017) Based on (Kurtzberg Naquin, 2011) The above recruitment plan will help Aurecon in hiring skilled candidates for the job. Person Specification Person specification enlists all the skills and other attributes which are needed for a specific job (Gummadi, 2015). Following is the person specification for wind turbine engineer Person Specification Job Role Senior Wind Turbine Engineer Education Qualification- Wind Turbine Engineering from a reputed and recognised national or international institution. Required Skills Good interpersonal and Communication skills Leadership abilities Analytical skills Decision making abilities Team management skills Negotiation skills Conflict management skills Knowledge Requirement The candidate should have knowledge in the field of constructing energy infrastructure. The candidate should be able to manage the project from inception to implementation stage. The candidate should be having good knowledge of legislations Experience Required Minimum 5 years of experience in managing a project Attributes Must be honest Must be dedicated and goal oriented Must be a team person Must be respectful towards subordinates, colleagues and seniors Must be organised Must appear professional in both attire and mannerism Age Specification- 30-45 Years Gender specification- Both Male and Female Table 2: Source: Made by Author (2017) Adapted from (Nikolaou, 2016) The above person specification will help in getting a clear idea about the type of candidate needed for the recruitment of an engineer for Aurecon. Ethical issues in recruitment and section of the successful candidate There are certain jobs in every organisation which are highly skill and expertise oriented(Wilson, 2012). Additionally, such jobs require lot of experience. Therefore, it is difficult to find suitable candidates for such jobs through traditional recruitment and selection strategies(Kusluvan, et al., 2010). Hence, many companies use Head hunting or directly contacting suitable candidates as a recruitment strategy. Head hunting is becoming extremely common in the area of high skills jobs(Brown, 2012). While recruiting an engineer for Aurecon, recruiters may face certain ethical issues while recruiting through the head hunting method(Punnett, 2015). Many thinkers of management believe that it is unethical to try and disintegrate the workforce of another company by offering a better pay package. However, some experts also believe that a firm has the right to try and find new and skilled candidates(Gummadi, 2015). Therefore, there is nothing wrong in directly contacting a candidate. However, repeated calls should not be made. Additionally, the candidate should not be contacted at the workplace. Sometimes recruiters tend to oversell a position by offering too high a pay package(Boxall, 2015). This is unethical in the sense that it amounts to luring a candidate. Recruiter should only speak about the offer he actually intends to make at the final selection stage. Another ethical issue facing the recruiter while recruiting for Aurecon is if the candidate refuses to accept the offer(Brown, 2012). Many recruiters keep on calling the candidates to convince them. However, this should not be done(Boxall, 2015). Therefore, while recruiting for wind turbine engineer, all these ethical issues should be keept in mind. Approaching the candidate for direct recruitment Direct candidate contact for recruitment or head hunting can only be successful if the recruiter approaches the candidate in the correct manner(Brown, 2011). Many head hunting attempts fail because the recruiters use a wrong approach. For the purpose of recruiting of turbine engineer at Aurecon, the recruitment process should be clear, concise and to the point(Brown, 2011). As these candidates are working for other companies, the recruitment agency should try to locate their personal contact number, email ids and social networking handles. The candidates should be contacted by phone or through social media networks like Linkedin or Twitter. Appropriate time to speak with them should be sought. The process should go further only if they are ready to speak and /or provide an appropriate time to speak(Dhamija, 2012). Whenever the candidate is ready to speak, the job position should be pitched at the candidate in a clear and concise manner(Boxall, 2015) If the candidate asks for further details an email should be sent and another follow up call should be made(Brown, 2012). The agency should try to determine the candidates interest and only after determining this, interview should be scheduled. Additionally, confidentiality of the candidate should be maintained. Therefore, the candidate shoals be approached in the most ethical and efficient way possible. Behavioural traits required in the candidate As per human resource management theory, certain important behavioural traits are required in the workforce(Armstrong, 2011). As the candidate for the job at Aurecon will be handling a project independently, certain leadership and team behavioural traits are required in the candidates. The candidate should have the ability to lead and take decisions(Bryman, 2013). He should be responsible and active in making important changes(Bryman, 2013). This will inculcate trust and respect in the workforce for the project engineer. The candidate should be friendly, interactive and approachable so that workforce can confide in him(Armstrong, 2011). He should behave in an unbiased way with regards to work and co-workers(Bach Edwards, 2012). Cooperation, coordination and enthusiasm are also important traits to be sought in a person who is supposed to lead a project. The potential candidate for project engineer should exhibit behavioural traits that increase team morale and productivity of the members of the project workforce(Brown, 2011). Candidate should be a positive thinker and should be able to involve all the team members in idea generation and decision making. These traits can be tested through behaviour and psychometric testing. Certain questions will be asked to the candidates and their answers will be judged to ascertain whether they have the needed traits(Karim, 2013) . Additionally, certain situation and roles will be given to them and their reaction and behaviour in these situations will be judged(Armstrong, 2011). Therefore, through effective understanding of the traits needed for the job, right candidate can be selected. Determining the candidate with the right fit Recruitment and selection is a long drawn process where resumes of various suitable candidates are sourced and interviews and tests are conducted to determine the right candidate for the job(Armstrong, 2011). To determine the right candidate who best fits the job of turbine engineer at Aurecon, process of filtering out the candidates should be used(Brown, 2011). At the onset the CVs which do not match the job description should be rejected. Only those candidates should be called for interview who best match the qualification and experience requirement. After the interview, those candidates should be filtered out who do not match the skills and abilities criteria(Brown, 2011). Further, only those candidates should be shortlisted who have the desired behavioural traits like leadership, interactive behaviour, friendliness etc. If after this process there is more than one candidate who matches the criteria, the firm should test their ability to take decision in a difficult situation so that the firm can get a person who can handle tough situation(Boxall, 2015). The recruiter should also try to identify unique skills like degree of enthusiasm and dedication level in order to arrive at a final selection decision. Therefore, best and the most suitable candidate should be selected after deep assessment of skills, abilities, traits and qualification of candidates. Conclusion Direct recruitment or head hunting is a need of the business for jobs with high skills specification. However, the head hunting should be done after planning the job requirements and ascertaining the required traits of the job. Additionally, all the ethical issues should also be taken into account before undertaking this activity. References Armstrong, M., 2011. Armstrong's Essential Human Resource Management Practice: A Guide to People Management. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Bach, S. Edwards, M., 2012. Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in TransitionStephen Bach, Martin Edwards. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Boxall, P., 2015. Strategy and Human Resource Management. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, J., 2011. The Complete Guide to Recruitment: A Step-by-step Approach to Selecting, Assessing and Hiring the Right People. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Brown, J. N., 2012. The Professional Recruiter's Handbook: Delivering Excellence in Recruitment Practice. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Bryman, A., 2013. Leadership and organizations. New York: Routledge. Dhamija, P., 2012. E-recruitment: a roadmap towards e-human resource management. Researchers World,, 3(3), p. 33. Gummadi, R., 2015. Recruitment and selection practices of it companies in andhra pradesh a study of select units. Hydrabad: Zenon Academic Publishing. Karim, M. R., 2013. Recruitment Selection: Psychometric and Social perspective model. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. Kurtzberg, T. R. Naquin, C. E., 2011. The Essentials of Job Negotiations: Proven Strategies for Getting What You Want. Westport: ABC-CLIO. Kusluvan, et al., 2010. The human dimension: A review of human resources management issues in the tourism and hospitality industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(2), pp. 171-214. Nikolaou, I., 2016. Employee Recruitment, Selection, and Assessment: Contemporary Issues for Theory and Practice. New York: Psychology Press. Punnett, B. J., 2015. International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. NewYork: M.E. Sharpe. Wilson, J. P., 2012. International Human Resource Development: Learning, Education and Training for Individuals and Organizations. London: Kogan Page.

Biograph Mind and Best Friend Essay

Biograph Mind and Best Friend Essay Biograph: Mind and Best Friend Essay â€Å"Keep your head up high, and stay positive† is what I live by day to day because of my best friend Nita. She taught me so much in life from the experiences she had, the things she does and the wise words she says to me every day. I would never thought I have a best friend like her in my life. I think its crazy, because usually when I have a best friend, others would say â€Å"Oh they won't be around for a long time because friends come and go, even best friends.† But, Nita, she has been my best friend for awhile now. We have our up and downs but we manage to work it out unlike others. I notice that people never like to talk about how they feel about others, but she tells me anything that is on her mind. You could say that Nita is blunt, because she says whats on her mind and she speaks from the heart. I never seen anyone do that because others like to keep grudges. If it wasn't for Nita, I probably wouldn't be the person I am today; being open minded, telling anyon e how I feel or none of that. It's like the saying â€Å"closed mouths, don't get fed† so you should basically say something instead of being quiet. Nita is my best friend because she is the type of person who stays out of drama, do not mind anyone else business unless it involves with her and she is the nicest person you will ever meet. She respects everyone that is around her. To get respect, you have to give respect, that is just how it goes. If someone has a problem with her, she is the person who wants to go out of her way just to talk it out with you. Not a lot of people do that, they just let it be. The reason why I quoted

Ellis Island Database, History, Immigrants and Lists

Ellis Island Database, History, Immigrants and Lists Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor, served as the site of Americans first Federal immigration station. From 1892 to 1954, over 12 million immigrants entered the United States through Ellis Island. Today the approximately 100 million living descendants of these Ellis Island immigrants account for more than 40% of the countrys population. The Naming of Ellis Island In the early 17th century, Ellis Island was no more than a small 2-3 acre lump of land in the Hudson River, just south of Manhattan. The Mohegan Indian tribe who inhabited the nearby shores called the island Kioshk or Gull Island. In 1628 a Dutch man, Michael Paauw, acquired the island and renamed it Oyster Island for its rich oyster beds. In 1664, the British took possession of the area from the Dutch and the island was once again known as Gull Island for a few years, before being renamed Gibbet Island, following the hanging there of several pirates (gibbet refers to a gallows structure). This name stuck for over 100 years, until Samuel Ellis purchased the little island on January 20, 1785, and gave it his name. American Family Immigration History Center at Ellis Island Declared part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, Ellis Island underwent a $162 million renovation in the 1980s and opened as a museum on September 10, 1990. Researching Ellis Island Immigrants 1892-1924 The free Ellis Island Records database, provided online by the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, allows you to search by name, year of arrival, year of birth, town or village of origin, and ship name for immigrants who entered the U.S. at Ellis Island or the Port of New York between 1892 and 1924, the peak years of immigration. Results from the database of more than 22 million records provide links to a transcribed record and a digitized copy of the original ship manifest. The Ellis Island immigrant records, available both online and through kiosks at the Ellis Island American Family Immigration History Center, will provide you with the following type of information about your immigrant ancestor: Given nameSurnameGenderAge at arrivalEthnicity / NationalityMarital statusLast ResidenceDate of arrivalShip of travelPort of origin You can also research the history of the immigrant ships that arrived at Ellis Island, NY, complete with photos. If you believe your ancestor landed in New York between 1892 and 1924 and you cant find him or her in the Ellis Island database, then make sure youve exhausted all of your search options. Due to unusual misspellings, transcription errors and unexpected names or details, some immigrants may be difficult to locate. Records of passengers that arrived at Ellis Island after 1924 arent yet available in the Ellis Island database. These records are available on microfilm from the National Archives and your local Family History Center. Indexes exist for New York passenger lists from June 1897 to 1948. Visiting Ellis Island Each year, more than 3 million visitors from around the world walk through the Great Hall at Ellis Island. To reach the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Immigration Museum, take the Circle Line - Statue of Liberty Ferry from Battery Park in lower Manhattan or Liberty Park in New Jersey. On Ellis Island, the Ellis Island Museum is located in the main immigration building, with three floors dedicated to the history of immigration and the important role played by Ellis Island in American history. Dont miss the famous Wall of Honor or the 30-minute documentary film Island of Hope, Island of Tears. Guided tours of the Ellis Island Museum are available.

Health care sector Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care sector - Research Paper Example Health care is provided by practitioners in medicine, chiropractic, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and other care providers. It denotes the activity done in rendering primary care, secondary care and tertiary care, besides public health (Premier Occupational Health Care, 2009). The availability of services to doctors differs from country to country, groups and individuals, greatly affected by cultural and financial conditions as well as the health policies in that region. States and dominions have diverse policies and programs with respect to the health care targets of their societies in terms of population growth. In any country, the system of healthcare is established in order to fulfill the health needs and requirements of the target population and thus, the exact configuration of this system varies from one country to another (Kaplan & Esther, 2003). Every organization possesses its own professional and occupational differences which are based on the culture of the country, organization, or on the nature of the job description. In the health care department also, there exist certain factors which are responsible for creating the occupational disparities within the jobs. Some of those factors are discussed below: One of the factors of great importance, which usually creates occupational differences these days, includes gender. Many countries, and their business organizations, tend to differentiate between male and female worker in term of the jobs assigned to them. Besides this, the element of job segregation is also one of the major contributors on the differences between genders which have been observed in the exposure to hazards at workplace. Both the genders have a strong separation at the place of work and they are also exhibited to be holding dissimilar positions in the hierarchal ladder of the organization. Not only this, but both the genders are subject to pay differences

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE - Essay Example Nurse Rachett is an experienced intensive care nurse, therefore any decision she makes concerning the treatment offered in the intensive care unit is justified. However, Nurse Rachett is not a surgeon and could not make any decision concerning the operation and the breathing device without consultation from Dr. Kildare was not appropriate. The attempt to clear the breathing device while she was supposed to summon Dr. Kildare as directed is a medical negligence because Rameez ended up dead. Therefore there is a medical negligence on the part of Nurse Rachett. Rameez was forced through emergency to have surgery performed by Dr. Kildare; however, Rameez could expect the specialist surgeon’s degree of skill because Dr. Kildare was a specialist. In the intensive care, Nurse Rachett is mentioned as an experienced intensive care nurse; therefore Rameez expected and deserved an expert service. Rameez died out of the negligence of Nurse Rachett because she failed to summon Dr. Kildare, may be Rameez would have recovered if Dr. Kildare was summoned to clear the breathing device. Just like the motorists owe a duty of reasonable care to other road users, Lister N.H.S. hospital and its medical staff also owe to Rameez duty to care for his well being and safety. Breach of such duty may result into claims for succeeding damages. However, a difference exists between these two parties is that while majority of people, as a matter of common sense can decide on circumstances where motorists ride carelessly, most of medical treatments entail highly technical and specialized skills. For instance, the insertion of breathing device and decision to carry out an operation on Rameez required specialized and technical skills. If executors of Rameez decide to file a suit, then according to Tom (2005), a court of law will have to get more evidence from other medical specialists on the usual safeguards and correct procedures observed in specific medical treatments before making any d ecision on the damage caused as a result of negligence. Lister N.H.S. hospital was responsible for protecting Rameez from harm and to offer acceptable level of care. As Rameez’s executors, they are entitled to file a complaint if Rameez never received reasonable care and standards as this amounts to breach of duty of care owed to Rameez. Whenever there is breach to this duty of care, a medical negligence is usually committed by health professional. Doctors are responsible for ensuring that patient understands all risks associated with treatments so as they can provide an informed consent. Failure of which there is claim for medical negligence can be pursued. The case of Rameez amounts to medical negligence because Nurse Rachett failed to summon Dr. Kildare and hence did not provide reasonable care to Rameez which resulted into his death. According to Tom (2005), in order to claim this negligence in the part of a health professional (Dr. Kildare and Nurse Rachett), the plainti ff (Rameez) and his executors must prove the following: That duty to care was owed to the patient: legal duty for care exists any time health care provider or hospital takes care of the patient’s treatment. That duty to care was breached: the health professional failed to conform to and/ or provide acceptable standards of care That breach of duty for care caused harm or injury to the patient: the breach of duty for care is the proximate cause of injury or harm suffered by the patient That patient actually suffered a loss or damage: without

The Built Environment And Tourism

The Built Environment And Tourism Tourism has been one of the economic success stories of the last 40 years. It has grown into a major component of the world economy and one of the most highly developed and dynamic industries with an important contribution to incomes and employment. Tourism has been rapidly growing sector and a wide-sweeping socioeconomic phenomenon with broad economic, social, cultural and environmental consequences. It is likely that tourism will continue to dominate the international scene for many years to come. (Sharma, 2011) The environment is perhaps one of the most significant contributors to the popularity and attractiveness of a destination. Sceneries, pleasant climates and unique landscape features have an imperative influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourist movements. Apart from environment, the other important tourist puller is culture in all its diversity across continents. Cultural tourism has long existed, but recent demographic, social, and cultural changes in the main source countries have led to an increasing number of new niche markets in destination countries, including culture-oriented holidays. However, like other forms of development, tourism has also contributed to its share of problems, such as social interruption, loss of cultural heritage, economic dependence and environmental degradation. (UNEP, WTO, 2005). Learning about the brunt of tourism has led many tourists to seek more conscientious holidays. These incorporate various forms of sustainable tourism such as: nature-based tourism, ecotourism and cultural tourism. The major problems arise because the environment (at least in the short term) is a zero priced public good and as with any zero-priced good, is subject to excess demand and over-utilization. This over-utilization of the natural resources and exploitation of cultural heritage especially during the peak periods of tourist activity as well as often ill planned tourism development, have provided a number of examples where tourism is in conflict with the environment (Coccossis, Parpairis, 1995). Not only that, as a result of environmental consciousness, a grea t number of alternative forms of tourism been developed in the last decade. Sustainable Tourism promotes limited-scale, low-impact, community-based activities. It may be defined as tourism that gives stress to the contact and understanding between the hosts and the tourist, as well as the surroundings (Smith Eadington, 1992) or as tourism consistent with the natural, social and community values and that allows a constructive relationship among locals and tourists. (Wearing Neil, 1999). Sustainable environment requires sustainable design. Architecture and design can preserve the memorable and old monuments while it can also create new and attractive qualities in which people can use and enjoy. Architecture has the talent of defining spaces and therefore has a powerful influence on the human behaviour and understanding and this is exactly what is always taken into account in sustainability, maximizing economic benefit and preserving the ecosystem. But what should be the approach to this design to achieve all goals of sustainable tourism or rather what are the tools and principles of architecture that need to be adopted to embrace sustainable tourism need to be developed. Thus the question to be answered is: What should be the architectural approach for sustainable tourism? Defining Sustainable Tourism Sustainable tourism is often considered to be a special kind of tourism that appeals to a particular market niche that is sensitive to environmental and social impacts. This is a narrow view as sustainable tourism is much more than a discreet or special form of tourism. The term sustainable tourism refers to a primary objective to make all tourism more sustainable. It is a continual process of improvement, one which applies equally to tourism in cities, resorts, rural and coastal areas, hills and protected areas. It should be thought of as a division of tourism, not a type of tourism. Sustainable tourism is based on the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) and is simply defined by the World Tourism Organization as: Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities. (WTO, 2005), Sustainability is a process and not an end state. The built environment and Tourism Tourism has an adverse effect on built environment. It could be on architectural faà §ade, change of landuse, overburdening of infrastructure etc. Large scale construction of tourist facilities and other infrastructure tends to change the land use of an area and also disturb the natural ecological harmony of a destination. Also tourism brings changes to the vernacular technology and sometimes the traditional constructions simply vanish giving way to modern construction which is most of the time not following and principles of sustainability. Instead they create harm to the destination, eventually losing the character, being environmentally disturbing and not suited to the needs apart from commercial aspect. Some of the other impacts of tourism on built environment and architecture of a place are: over-intensive urbanization, illegal constructions, pollution, negative aesthetic changes, degradation of quality etc. Need Identification Tourism now accounts for 10% of the worlds economic activity but at the same time it has major impacts on the natural and built environments and as well as on well being and cultures of host population. Ecological, social and economic sustainability are intertwined. Tourism and architecture may be connected to the benefit of the two and ultimately to the benefit of the people. There has been only a very little research on the role of architecture and the approach that should be followed when targeting sustainable tourism. Since building activities like construction of hotels, guest houses, tourist centres, commercial centers etc dominate the development of tourism at any place, there is a need to develop an approach and policy on architectural developments as part of sustainable tourism. This problem is of fundamental importance as it has led to the absence of an adequate theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamics of alternative tourism and the social activities it involves and responding to it accordingly. Sustainable design and planning do not jeopardize the economical benefits that a healthy tourism industry can bring; on the contrary, they can enhance local peculiarities and make use of traditional knowledge and expertise. Where sustainable methods and materials are employed, buildings can be both ecologically and economically profitable, thanks to their lower construction and life cycle costs. This dissertation will be a small effort in the same direction. Scope Sustainability does not require a diminished quality of life, but it does require a change in mindset and values toward a less consumptive lifestyle. These changes must embrace overall interdependence, ecological stewardship, social responsibility and economic feasibility. Various government bodies, international organizations and conventions have stated the importance of tourism and its sustainability. Many countries as well wish to or have already initiated the pursuit to policies of sustainable tourism. In fact one of the most important issues in sustainable development of tourism resources is the consideration and expansion of design and construction standards in order to reach an optimum use of energy, water and land resources. The scope of the study will be to understand sustainable tourism and its forms keeping in mind the delicate destinations specially, be it in terms of their ecosystem, cultural heritage or economic stability and state principles that should govern the architectural design and planning of the tourism infrastructure keeping in mind sustainability as defined above. To lay down the architectural ethics in planning and designing of tourist needs like hotels, guest houses , activity centres etc suitable to the ecosystem ,society and economy. The study will concentrate on the fragile destinations since there is more need there but the applications will be in general universal. The scope of research is in guidelines published by international bodies keeping in mind Indian destinations. Limitations The case studies where sustainable tourism developments have been implemented will not be accessible physically and the research will have to depend on secondary sources of data. The primary case study will be covering a destination which is fragile ecologically, culturally and economically. It might not be possible to make multiple visits and at the same time while doing the survey the lack of academic knowledge regarding the subject amongst hosts could lead it directionless. None of the tourist destinations in India has adopted sustainable tourism as a whole. Few resorts, localities etc have adopted sustainability within them. Sustainable tourism is a relatively new term; the research on it will be limited to data over the past 3o years only. Since the scope has to be limited the research will concentrate particularly on role of architecture in sustainable tourism and not other means of achieving it. When formulating the survey questionnaire, the lack of knowledge about sustainable tourism might lead to indirect framing of questions. Also people will have to be relied upon for being honest which might not be the case for all. 1.7 References and Bibliography References Khaksar,A., Tahmouri,A., Hoseinrazavi,S., 2001, The Reciprocal Effects Of Architecture And Tourism: The Sustainability Approach, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran Sharma,K., 2011, Sustainable Tourism Development Through Sustainable Architecture: A Projected Case Study of Coxs Bazaar, Bangladesh. Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield UNEP and WTO, 2005, Making Tourism More sustainable: A guide for policy makers

Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles :: Tess of the dUrbervilles Essays

Tess of the d'Urbervilles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through life people may fault, or get on the wrong side of the tracks. Yet hopefully they keep faith and then willingly they may recoup and redeem themselves by recovering. Many believe that, Tess in, Tess of the d'Urbervilles was a great example of this. In Hardy's Victorian age novel, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, he illustrates casual wrong, the will to recover, the growth of love, and death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Almost everybody has done something casually wrong and not think much of it, many call this indifferent nature. Tess is no stranger to casual wrong. Throughout her life indifferent nature has occurred. Her parents were not the greatest of parents. She had a tough life, she was poor. When she met Alec d'Urberville, she was considerate and kind, but later on Alec took advantage of her and seduced her in a forest called the Chase,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "He knelt and bent lower, till her breath warmed his   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      face, and in a moment his cheek was in contact with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      hers. She was sleeping soundly, and upon her   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  eyelashes there lingered tears." 1 She then later fell in love with Angel, and married him. Angel found out about Tess' past experience with Alec, and he could not forgive her, even though it was all Alec's doing. Thus it is clear that casual wrong follows her and yet the wrong is not made by her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tess' true strength is her determination to overcome her misfortunes. When the Durbeyfields' horse, Prince died, Tess took control of the situation of the horse's death and the beehive delivery. She takes care of the kids and she had done well in school, even though Tess seems to go nowhere. Also when she leaves her job of taking care of the flock at the d'Urberville household, because of her experience with Alec, it showed she tried to take control of the situation. Even when Alec was following her home on his carriage asking her why she left,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   'Her lip lifted slightly, though there was little scorn, as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a rule, in her large and impulsive nature. "I have said I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   will not take anything more from you, and I will not-I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cannot! I should be your creature to go on doing that,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and I won't"' 2 Indeed it is shown that Tess has a very strong will to recover.

Emily: A Case Study in Adolescent Development Essay

Abstract This case study details the developmental milestones of an adolescent girl named Emily. Emily is 12 years old and lives with her mother who is a single parent. According to many theorists and researches, because she is being raised by a single mother, Emily is an at-risk adolescent who may have trouble properly hitting developmental milestones along with her peers. After observing Emily in her natural environment, then spending time interacting with Emily and interviewing her mother Elizabeth, I found that Emily is a typically developing adolescent. Emily has developed before or along with her peers physically, cognitively, and psychosocially. Emily appears to be developing a healthy sense of independence and self concept. Finally, Emily is healthy and appears to be progressing through puberty at a normal rate. Emily: A Case Study In Adolescent Development Emily is a 12-year-old girl. Since birth she has lived with her mother Elizabeth in a small South Carolina town – population 60,000. She was an only child until three years ago when her brother Wade was born. Emily’s mother Elizabeth is a single mother. Emily has never met her own father but had grown close to Wade’s father, her step dad, when he died nine months ago from Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Emily’s mother According to Milstead and Perkins (2010), a child’s family is central to their successful development. Their research suggests that children who are raised in non-traditional families are at a disadvantage is all areas of development as well as socioeconomically. This case study will examine typical physical, cognitive, and psychosocial milestone of adolescent children and if 12-year-old Emily has been negatively affected in these areas as a result of her living in a single parent home. LITERATURE REVIEW At 12 years old Emily is entering adolescence. It is during adolescence that puberty begins. The time of adolescence is a time of rapid changes and physical growth in children. Rapid growth occurs in the bones and muscles, changes in body shape and size occur, and sexual maturation begins, essentially ending childhood. Beginning with hormonal changes, including an increase in estrogen and progesterone, girls typically begin experiencing pubescent changes at the approximate age of eight. Soon after, the uterus and vagina begin to grow larger and girls begin to develop breast buds. Around the age of eleven, girls begin to develop pubic hair. Girls can expect their weight and height to increase during this time as well. As girls a girl’s body begins to prepare for menarche, their hips will become wider. The first menstrual period typically occurs around the age of twelve; however, this can happen earlier for some girls and much later for others. Puberty continues through the age of 18 as girls breasts fully develop and their first ovulation occurs (Berger, 2011). In addition to sexual development during puberty, adolescents develop physically as well. A growth spurt occurs during adolescence where nearly every body part grows, most notably at different and uneven rates. According to Berger (2011), the fingers and toes of an adolescent grow longer before the hands and feet. The hands and feet grow longer before the arms and legs, and the arms and legs grow longer before the torso. It is not uncommon for an adolescent’s body to appear unsymmetrical. â€Å"One foot, one breast, or even one ear may grow later than the other,† (Berger, 2011, p. 393). The hormones responsible for puberty and growth spurts in adolescent girls are also responsible for emotional changes. It is not uncommon for girls experiencing these hormone changes to have sudden outbursts of anger, sadness, or even lust. Neurological changes occur as the â€Å"limbic system, responsible for intense fear and excitement from the amygdale, matures before the prefrontal cortex, where planning ahead, emotional regulation, and impulse control occur,† (Berger, 2011, p 400). These neurological changes often lead adolescents to throw caution to the wind, especially in social situations. Adolescents are more likely to act impulsively. Their impulsive behaviors coupled with their increase in hormones and interest in  sexual activities puts adolescents at risk for sexual abuse and early pregnancy (Berger, 2011). During adolescence, physical and hormonal changes aren’t the only changes occurring. Brain maturation also occurs and cognitive growth increases. Adolescent children will experience increased independence, a heightened sense of self-consciousness, the ability to think more abstractly. According to Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, Jean Piaget, adolescents develop the ability to use abstract logic, in contrast to children in early and middle childhood who primarily only have the ability to think in concrete terms (Goncu, & Abel, 2011). In addition, during adolescence, identity struggles often begin. Developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst, Erik Erickson, described this stage of development as identity versus role confusion. According to Erickson, an adolescent’s mission during this state is to unearth who they are as individuals, apart from their families and as members of society at large. Futile navigation of this stage, according to Erickson, results in role confusion and upheaval. Adolescents develop a sense of personal identity through many avenues including religion, politics, natural abilities, and gender. Merging childhood events, social ideals, and their distinctive ambitions, identity is developed. However, according to Erickson, adolescents seldom reach identity and role confusion is more probable (Boddington, 2009). OBSERVATION AND INTERACTION Emily is attending a birthday party for one of her peers at school. The party is being held at a local church, in the church’s social hall. According to Emily’s mother this is not the first birthday party that Emily had attended where both boys and girls are present; however, it is the first co-ed party that she has attended since she began showing an interest in boys. Most of the girls are wearing dresses and shoes with modest heels; their hair perfectly tended to with hints of gloss on their lips and blush on their cheeks. Emily wears blue jeans, a blue and white stripped long sleeved shirt and boat shoes. Her normal blond curls have been flattened with a straightening iron, according to her mother. Emily likes her hair better  straight and she hates dresses. Emily is tall, standing at 5 feet 6 inches tall. She weighs 150 pounds. Her body is well proportioned and she does not appear to be overweight. Emily has developed breasts and she has the appearance of some acne on her chin and forehead. The overhead fluorescent lights are dimmed in the social hall but the area is lit well with blue, red, and green lights which flash in sync with the music playing over a pair of large speakers. A DJ encourages the 28 eleven and twelve year olds to join the only two boys on the dance floor. The room is divided. Girls stand near a row of metal folding chairs lining a wall. The boys gather near a stage on the far end of the room. Emily’s mother Elizabeth is also attending the party as a chaperone. Elizabeth motions for Emily to come to her three times during a thirty minute period in an effort to encourage Emily to join the others on the dance floor. Each time Emily ignores her mother’s encouragements. The third time Emily’s eyes grow wide and from across the room she mouths the word â€Å"stop† to Elizabeth. Nearly an hour into the party, the girls scream with delight when a popular song begins to play and several rush to the dance floor. Emily rushes to the dance floor with a number of other girls and they begin to dance to the music. Song after song, Emily and her group of friends stay on the dance floor. They stop occasionally to chat with one another but never leave the dance floor. Emily dances and laughs with her female friends for nearly an hour before the group is called to have birthday cake and watch as the birthday girl opens presents. While the children are eating Emily socializes with both her female and male friends. She is particularly friendly with a male named Dawson. The two stand beside one another and talk while their friend opens her birthday presents. She playfully hits him on the arm six times during their exchange. She blushes as he playfully hit her back. Soon the group of adolescents is back on the dance floor for another half hour of dancing before the party is over. This time both the boys and girls are on  the dance floor together. Emily dances alongside both her female and male friends for the remainder of the party. As the party comes to close, Emily hugs each one of her female friends’ goodbye as they leave. When Elizabeth summons Emily to leave the party, Emily shouts out to Dawson, telling him goodbye. On Sunday afternoon, Elizabeth welcomes me to spend time with Emily in the family’s home. Emily’s family lives in a modest three bedroom, two bath house in a popular neighborhood on the North side of town. Their large fenced in back yard is filled with bright colored, plastic play-things belonging to Emily’s younger brother Wade. Emily’s purple Next bicycle leans against a wall in the home’s garage. The bicycle is much too small for her growing stature and Emily readily admits that she hasn’t ridden the bike in at least a year. Nothing else in the yard or garage suggests that a young girl live there but inside the home tells a different story. On the kitchen counter lays a knotted green ribbon with long blonde hairs tangled within the knot. Emily explains that she wore the ribbon on St. Patrick’s Day this year because she had no other green in her wardrobe. Lying on the family couch is a blue and purple fleece blanket and a fuzzy heart -shaped fuchsia pillow donning the words â€Å"Drama Queen.† It’s Emily’s favorite pillow. The floor in the living area is scattered with green toy tractors and an incomplete train set. Leaving the living area and entering the long narrow hallway, Emily’s bedroom is the first room on the left. Her doorway stands open but a handmade foam door hanger hangs from the door knob reading â€Å"Do Not Enter.† Emily’s room is pink and while with accents of black and grey. Her hot pink sheets peek out from under the wrinkled black and white polka dot comforter on her bed. Her bedroom walls are adorned with pictures of her favorite singers, Cody Simpson and Selena Gomez. A large bean bag chair takes up much of the floor space in her bedroom. A large bookcase runs nearly the length of one wall while a keyboard and microphone stand sit against the opposite wall. Emily loves to sing and often spends a great deal of her time singing along with her favorite musicians on her karaoke machine. A framed piece of child-drawn art hangs to the right of her bed. Emily says she completed the work in third grade. It depicts a boy who is seemingly stuck inside of a glass bottom room. Emily explains the technique  she used is called foreshadowing. When asked if it has an underlying leans, Emily whips her hair and nonchalantly replies that it does not. Emily is welcoming and excited to show off her space and her things, including her three dance trophies and her second place youth photography ribbon she won at last year’s South Carolina Festival of Flowers. Emily is creative and has an artistic side through her love of music, photography, drawing and painting, and dance. I inquire more about Emily’s art work and she pulls from her closet several pieces of art work sandwiched between two pieces of cardboard. She carefully pulls out several pieces of art and tells me how old she was when she completed it. Before we can finish, Emily’s phone alerts her that she has a text message. For the next 15 minutes Emily sends and receives text messages from her cell phone. She tells me that she is discussing an upcoming school trip to Philadelphia with her friend Jenny. They are discussing room arrangements. After texting with Jenny, Emily shows me information she has printed from the internet pertaining to her trip to Philadelphia. Emily says she is excited about the trip as she has never been away from home for more than two or three days at a time. She will be in Philadelphia for six days. Emily says she cannot wait to go and excitedly explains how she will be staying in a hotel room with three of her female friends, without an adult. Emily explains that the girls will stay on the third floor of the hotel while the boys will stay on the second floor. Emily receives another text message just as I am leaving. She says goodbye without looking up from her cell phone. INTERVIEW Elizabeth is a thirty-two year old mother of two. She gave birth to Emily at the age of nineteen. Emily was born December 10, 1999 by cesarean section after a full term pregnancy. Emily’s mother Elizabeth reports no prenatal problems and no complications during labor. At birth Emily weighed seven pounds and eleven ounces. She was twenty one inches long. According to the Centers for Disease Control (2000) Emily’s weight put her in the thirty sixth percentile for newborns and her height put her in the ninety third percentile for newborns. As an infant, Emily was breast fed for seven months, according to Elizabeth. Elizabeth explains that as an infant, a  toddler, and a young child, Emily hit all of her developmental milestones early, including puberty which began for Emily around age nine. Emily’s father is not active in Elizabeth and Emily’s lives. Emily has never met her father. Elizabeth explains that Emily’s father attended college with her. They were casually dating when Elizabeth became pregnant. Emily’s father did not want anything to do with Elizabeth after she told him she was pregnant. After finding out that she was pregnant, Elizabeth quit school until she gave birth to Emily then quickly returned to finish her degree. Elizabeth obtained a four year degree in marketing from a local college when Emily was three. She now works for a major hotel chain as their director of communications. Elizabeth earns $43,000 annually. She has no other income. Elizabeth grew up in the Catholic Church but left the church as a teen. Today she is a member of a local Presbyterian church. Elizabeth considers herself an authoritative parent. She says that while she has great deal of expectations for her children, she also has a close and warm relationship with each of them. She says her relationship with Emily has become closer since Emily has begun middle school. Elizabeth believes that it is most important that her children trust her. She explains that she wants her children to feel as if they can talk to her about anything. Elizabeth expects Emily to perform well in school and says Emily has not ever been in trouble at school because Elizabeth does not tolerate disobedience, especially in school. Elizabeth believes she holds the three traits that she says make a great parent: she commands respect; she works constantly to ensure good communication with her children so that they trust her, and she has clear expectations of her children. Elizabeth says that if she were to give new parents three pieces of advice she would impress upon them how quickly time passes. â€Å"Enjoy every minute, and don’t take one second for granted,† she says. Elizabeth says she would also tell new parents to make sure they make time for themselves. Finally, Elizabeth says she would tell them to be honest with their children. â€Å"Share your life experiences with them. Tell them the things you did right and the things you did wrong. Tell them about the lessons you’ve learned. Children learn to respect you and trust you in that sense.† FINDINGS Emily is nine months shy of her thirteenth birthday. Emily is five feet, six inches tall. She weighs one hundred and fifty pounds. According to the Centers for Disease Control (2000), Emily’s height is greater than the ninety seventh percentile for height. Emily is at the ninety seventh percentile for weight. Although Emily is taller and heavier than more than ninety five percent of her peers, according to her mother, Emily has hit developmental milestones earlier than her peers since she was an infant. Furthermore, Emily is currently experiencing puberty, an expected occurrence at her age. She has developed breasts and she has had her first menstrual period. Emily is not sexually active, according to her mother and therefore she is currently not at risk for early pregnancy. Cognitively, Emily is progressing as a typical 12 year old girl. She displays eagerness to establish a sense of independence from her mother with her upcoming school trip to Philadelphia. She looks forward to being away from her mother, and proving to both her mother and herself that she is maturing in the ability to make her own choices. Emily’s cognitive development is also apparent in the choices she made when dressing and styling her hair for the birthday party she attended. Emily’s mother explained that Emily used a straightening iron on her hair because she was not fond of her naturally curly hair. This demonstrates that Emily has developed a sense of self-consciousness. Lastly, Emily’s psychosocial development is apparent in that Emily is working to develop her own identity. Although Emily’s friends wore dresses to the birthday party, Emily opted for blue jeans and boat shoes. Emily chose to wear what she was comfortable wearing instead of what social norms would have her wear. In addition, Emily knows what she loves. She immerses herself in her art, her music, and her photography. While her friends are participating in sports and trying out for cheerleading, Emily is comfortable in her own vocation and does not seem eager to change. SUMMARY Emily is a typically developing 12 year old girl. It does not appear that her physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development has been negatively affected by her growing up in a single parent home. While Emily’s development is far from over, for now she appears to be progressing well, and developing into a healthy, secure and socially responsible young woman. REFERENCES Berger, K. (2011). The Developing Person Through the Life Span, eighth ed. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Boddington, E. N. (2009). _Cognitive Process of Development in Children_. Online Submission. Goncu, A., & Abel, B. (2011). The child’s conception of the world: A 20th-century classic of child psychology, Second Edition. Edited by Jean Piaget, Forward by Jacques Voneche. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Lanham, MD, 2007. pp. 432. Price:  £19.99, â‚ ¬31.48†¦ Infant & Child Development, 20(2), 246-248. doi:10.1002/icd.719 Milstead, K., & Perkins, G. (2010). Family Structure Characteristics and Academic Success: Supporting the Work of School Counselors. Academic Leadership (15337812), 8(4), 19. National Center for Desease Control and Prevention (May 30, 2000). CDC growth charts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/set1clinical/cj41c022.pdf.

The Trash Problem at Savannah State University - 1030 Words

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