Biology Notes

Biology Notes 19/25/09•CytoskeletonoMaintains cell shape and provides supportoGives cells mechanisms for movementoSets up tracks for motor proteins to carry things in the cello3 types of components:1. Microfilaments (7 nanometers):a. Made of proteins such as actin and myosinb. May exist as a single fiberc. May be in a bundled. May form a large networke. Important for cell contractionsf. Give the plasma membrane its shapeg. Involved with cytoplasmic streamingi. Making the cytoplasm move and not stay stagnanth. Important for formation of pseudopodsi. Allow for the movement of smaller eukaryotesi. Important for bringing things into the cellj. Important for cell divisionk. Form microvilli2. Intermediate Filaments (8-12 nanometers)a. Found in multicellular organismsb. Form rope-like assemblagesc. Stabilize cell structured. Important for resisting tensione. Form nuclear laminaf. Hold organelles and nucleus in place3. Microtubules (Up to 25 nanometers)a. Hollow cylinders, made of tubulin proteinb. Pr ovide rigid, interskeletal frameworkc. Act as a track for motor proteinsd. Motor proteins associate with tubulini.Dynein: Moves a vesicle towards the negative end (interior)ii. Kinesin: Moves a vesicle towards the positive end (periforate)e. Associated with locomotion appendagesf. Help form the cilia and flagellai.9 on outside, 2 on insideg. Important for forming centriolesi. Centriole: Center of the cell during cell division. Helps move the chromosomes during cell division.9/30/09•Cell Wall (Plant Cells)oMade of celluloseoComplex polysaccharides associated with proteinsoInsulates plasma membrane to prevent rupture==Protects against turgor pressure•Turgor Pressure: Internal pressure exerted on the cell membrane•Extracellular Matrix (ECM)oComposed of fibrous proteins (collagen, elastic fibers)==Allow for rigidnessoGlycoproteinsoIt holds cells together to form tissuesoIt contributes to the physical properties of the tissue==Connective Tissue: Cells associated with the ECMà ‚•Bone•BloodoFilters material that passes between cellsoOrients cell movement==Releases chemical signalsoEmbryonic developmentCh. 5•Cell membranes are bilayered and dynamicoDynamic: Membrane is continuously forming, it can move around, and it can fuse with other membranes•Fluid Mosaic ModeloInterior of membrane is fluid, allowing some...

The Definition and Purpose of the Zero Article

The Definition and Purpose of the Zero Article In English grammar, the term  zero article  refers to an occasion in speech or writing where a noun or noun phrase is not preceded by an article (a, an, or the). The zero article is also known as the  zero determiner. In general, no article is used with proper nouns, mass nouns where the reference is indefinite, or plural count nouns where the reference is indefinite. Also, no article is generally used when referring to means of transport (by plane) or common expressions of time and place (at midnight, in jail). In addition, linguists have found that in  regional varieties of English known as New Englishes,  omitting an article is often done to express non-specificity. Examples of the Zero Article In the following examples, no article is used before the italicized nouns. My mothers name is Rose. I gave her a rose on  Mothers Day.Every mile is two in winter.This plant grows in  sandy soil and on the edges of swamps.David Rockefeller was authorized to hold the position of director of the Council on Foreign Relations. The Zero Article in American and British English In American and British English, no article is used before words such as  school, college, class, prison  or  camp  when these words are used in their institutional sense. The students start school in the fall.College provides opportunities for students to learn and meet new people. However, some nouns that are used with definite articles in American English are not used with articles in British English. When I was in the hospital, I often wished there were fewer hours in the day.[American English]When Elizabeth was in  hospital, she was occasionally visited by her parents.[British English] The Zero Article With Plural Count Nouns and Mass Nouns In the book English Grammar, Angela Downing writes that the loosest and therefore most frequent type of generic statement is that expressed by the zero article with plural  count nouns  or with  mass nouns. Count nouns are those that can form a plural, such as dog or cat. In their plural form, count nouns are sometimes used without an article, especially when they are referred to generically. The same is true when the noun is plural but of indefinite number. Dogs love to run around outside.The boy loves to play with toys. Mass nouns are those that cannot be counted, such as air or sadness. They also include nouns that are not usually counted but that can be counted in some situations, such as water or meat. (These nouns can be counted using certain measurements, such as some or much.) Clean air is important for a healthy environment.The man was overcome by sadness when he lost his home. Sources Cowan, Ron.  The Teachers Grammar of English: a Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2011.Downing, Angela.  English Grammar. Routledge, 2006.Platt, John T., et al.  The New Englishes. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.

Weekly journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Weekly journal - Essay Example When individuals are unemployed they have less money to spend on goods and services and they are more inclined towards ensuring that their basic needs are met. Due to this they spend more on the basic necessities such as food and clothing and ignore spending money on luxurious products and services such as cars. Another subject that the chapter focuses on is the fiscal and monetary policies that government may use to encourage individuals to spend more. When the government implements an expansionary policy, it allows business to borrow more and due to these businesses invest more (Krugman 148). More investment leads to increase in demand for employees which in turn increases the wages paid to employees. Due to this increase, individuals tend to spend more and they even spend on luxurious items. But if the demand for goods and services continuously increases, suppliers will increase their prices on continuous basis and this would lead to increase in inflation rate and decrease in the number of goods and services that can be purchases by individuals in a particular economy (Krugman

The nature of the budgeting and planning process Essay

The nature of the budgeting and planning process - Essay Example The overall purpose of the budgeting process is to ensure that the organization has enough finances of operations and expenditure. The first purpose of the budgeting process is communication, where each department in the organization communicates the need for resources and how the resources will be used. This is done by explaining the volume of activities that the department will engage in and the amount of resources that will be needed. The budgeting and planning process is also important for coordination of tasks in the organization, since the different departments in the organization perform interrelated task (Hansen and Wim, 2004). Coordination of processes is achieved when the different departments provide a plan for their resource allocation and the relation to the resource allocation from other departments. Budgets are also used for planning the activities of the organization for a specified period. This is achieved by preparing budgets that predict resource usage for forthcoming fiscal periods. When these budgets are prepared, the organization can determine the resource needs and, therefore, prepare the necessary financial resources for acquisition of the planned resources. Budgets are also used for control and motivation, where the budgets act as a measure of performance and improvement. This means that the prepared budget is used as a standard of measurement of performance, and the different departments are motivated to improve their performance according to the budget allocated. The nature of the budgeting and planning process is reflected by the characteristics of the budget prepared by the departments and the organization. The budget can be defined as a plan for the allocation of financial resources to the various processes in the organization, therefore, the budgeting and planning process refers to the steps taken to prepare and measure organizational performance using a budget. The requirements of the budgeting and planning process can then be inferred from the above definition of a budget. The budgeting and planning process requires knowledge of the required resources by each department, the expected usage of resources, the forecast of the cost of resources, and the expected financial inflows and outflows. Types of Budgets According to Sean, Garrison and Noreen (2008), budgets can be classified into many types, including zero-based budgets, incremental budgets, fixed and flexibl e budgets. These budgets classifications are done according to the basis for budget preparation, whether the budget is prepared according to activity level, fiscal periods, or resource availability. Zero-based budgeting refers to a budgeting method where each department is required to provide a justification of all the expenses presented in the budget statement. Traditional budgeting methods require a manager to add or subtract amounts from the previous fiscal period budget, however, zero-based budgets start from a zero baseline and all expenditures have to be justified. Conversely, incremental budgets are based on the previous period’

Evolution Of Cities As A Catalyst To Civilization Essay Example for Free

Evolution Of Cities As A Catalyst To Civilization Essay The paper seeks to explain the dynamics resulting to the civilization and modernization of our time, using the Athens, Rome, and Alexandria, Chinese cum Indian as a part of the explanation. The rise of democratic government as it relates to the development of cities, modern cities. The impact of religion, politics, leadership idiosyncrasy, trade and commerce, caste /Kinship system as it influenced the evolution of the modern city or state. The paper also looks at Contemporary cities in China and Europe. THE ANCIENT STRUCTURES OF CITIES The misconception of cities as related to population or numerical strength is prevalent even till date, but cities are defined from the perspective of population density; the square metres of the milieu, as it affects the problems of population explosion, the ancient had city states and imperial city state, the imperial denotes the undertone in the political system, which further affects the formation of the city or design(Reilly:128-129) The capital city functioned autonomously and even democratically in its activities, the cities in most cases served the egoistic purposes of rulers. Howbeit , the capital cities were much or less commercial hubs, where transactions from neighbouring and internal trade was operating, the influence of trade had a huge impact on the development or evolution of the state ,for instance it was within and without leading to the success of trade. The Utilitarian function of a city-state as posited by Aristotle is subject to debate, the ancient structure, he speaks in an ironic way, and Athens as submitted is overblown in expression an exaggerated existing city-state as disclosed in the strangers view. (Ibid)The cities flowing from the aforementioned creates a divergence from what we have now in the modern day, it lacks a lot of facilities. Athens is further depicted as a peasant village. (ibid, 130). The political structure of city-states is worthy of note here, power was exercised by majority, which is a sharp contrast with our modern cities. The exclusion of women and slaves from vital decision shows a gender imbalance, which in our modern cities to a huge extent has been addressed. The Athenian political system, however allowed for more participation and equality as political positions were occupied by lottery and not voter, per chance. It also allows professionalism cum promotion of skills. The importance of recreation, is also crucial in this paper, as the Athenian cities had time to have fun, the ampitheater,agora ,acropolis were centres of attraction, this in a way shows the evolution of all the good things we enjoy in the modern day ,declaring and affirming, they never fell from the sky. Alexandra the great as a student of Aristotle reveals the development of the city – states, toward complexity and more openness, depicted by architectural designs and imperialism. (Ibid, 134) . Ancient Rome was however characterised by most problems faced in contemporary cities, the cost of living as a good example, the show of power, class division and rule, identity was a paramount phenomenon in Rome. In India, it depicts the evolution of a commercial city other than the duo categorisation of cities, the debate of Indians commercial status is something countered by the existence of caste structures, religious beliefs and norms shaping their activities. The argument of this part is that the ancient states evolved from a small beginning, democratic to some extent to a powerful force to reckon with, this came decadence and other things that are evidenced by Rome. This in a way shows how the present cities react to globalization and liberalism in the context of continual revolution. RELIGIOUS INCLINATION AND THE SURGE TO CIVILIZATION The annexation of new colonies and empires, wars of conquest, created different shapes of emerging societies and cities majorly influenced by commerce and specialization of skills. Religion played a key role in the spread of commerce and its importance in major cities, Buddhism and Jainism were materialistic in approach, they believed in atheistism, making the relevance of gods or Supreme Being invalid, trade and commerce however formed the basis of those that believe in the duo ways of religion, this did not allow them to involve in agriculture as the religion did not allow killing of insects, Buddhism thus lays emphasis on cities. (Ibid, 147-150). The trade of Gupta kingdom represents the impact of trade as a main instrument of networking, spread of ideas as we have in the Contemporary cities, a replica of structures and buildings,governance,systems are always shared in the globe. The spread of these ideas around the ancient empires can be deduced as a mechanism of civilization, as education grew more and more in major cities and empires. The beauty and prominence of Gupta made it a centre of civilization, as pilgrims journeyed as far to visit the city. The political economy path however explains the issue of political democracy and economic perspective, the dependence of the economy on political systems. The political cum economic systems however, dictates the pace of development and progress in the Ancient cities.

Essay --

Who Am I? A look inside Holden, Seymour, and Salinger from three acclaimed works. After World War II J.D. Salinger joined the ranks of the exceptionally adept authors that came about after the heinous second world war. Salinger, fueled by his experiences from the war, addressed many concerns and issues, most of which are timeless. Due to many of his astounding pieces, and his fresh outlook on society, is considered a phenomenal, classic, American author. One that is responsible for many renowned, coming of age novels, as well as a number of agonizing critiques of the society that has been cultured. The Catcher in the Rye and, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish† are two of his most acclaimed works, both wrestling with the concept concerning the conservation of innocence, a main talking point of Salinger. This is visible through many similarities between the two works. In The Catcher in the Rye, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish,† and, J.D. Salinger: A Life the characters share common internal conflicts regarding the people that they have become, thi s central conflict aids in conveying Salingers overwhelming claim that when faced with great ordeals, any figurative wounds attained, affect a person in every aspect of life. In The Catcher in The Rye Holden wrestles with the concept of the person that he has turned into. The colossal amount of struggles he has faced, and the lacerations he has gained have remained by his side, altering his everyday, mundane actions. Holden remarks on the painful transition between childhood and adulthood when he is in the Natural History Museum, he says that the, â€Å"best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was.... Nobody's be different. The only thing that would be ... ...today. Salinger gained many mental and physical wounds during his time in the army, both affected his views on innocence and affected him as a person. Both The Catcher in the Rye, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish†, and J.D. Salinger: A Life have similar views on innocence, however, the way in which the protagonists experienced their realization on the topic was utterly different. In The Catcher in the Rye and, â€Å"A Perfect Day for BananaFish† as well as J.D. Salinger: A Life, Holden, seymour, and Salinger both find themselves with similar internal conflicts regarding the people they have become, in relation to their innocence. The self exploration the three underwent was due to the accumulation of anguish and grief. both The Catcher in the Rye and, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish† share similar insights, because of Salingers similar themes and his experience in the war.

Case Study: Improving Health by Getting Lean Essay

1. What perspective(s) of organizational effectiveness best describe the application of lean management practices? Describe how specific elements of that perspective related to the interventions described in this case study. This case study utilized several perspectives of organizational effectiveness to help adapt their goal of lean management. Within the open system perspective the most common strategy is to change the company’s products and services, as well as how outputs are produced (McShane & Von Glinow, 2015, page 9). Sunderland reached out to their external environment for information with borrowing ideas from a nearby Nissan factory and incorporated information learned. Sunderland integrated this information by mapping out their work processes, evaluated their activities, and developed ways to reduce lengthy patient wait times. In order to reach their goals, organizational learning perspective played a big part. Emphasis is placed on human capital with the knowledge and skills employees brought to the table. â€Å"Lean works because it is based on doctors, nurses, and other staff leading the process and telling us what adds value and what doesn’t. They are the ones who know† (McShane & Von Glinow, 2015, page 28). The input from employees helped reduce patient wait time, streamlines the patient pathway from 29 to 11 discrete stages, cut 34 miles of walking per day, reduced 60 percent of supplies used for hip and knee surgery, and improved congestion in the emergency department through varies of hospitals. With all the improvements high performance work practices perspective now takes shape. Involving employees in decision making and giving them more autonomy over their work activities tend to strengthen employee motivation and improve decision making, organizational responsiveness, and commitment to change (McShane & Von Glinow, 2015, page 13). Employee involvement was the key to strengthened motivation, decision-making and commitment to change. 2. Does lean management ignore some perspectives of organizational effectiveness? If so, what are the unintended consequences of these practices that might undermine rather than improve the organization’s effectiveness? In this case study, lean management may have ignored the stakeholder’s perspective if we look at this through the patients view and even the employee’s view. Although the lean management is quicker and more efficient customer care, at what cost comes from this? Wait time has always been a concern for patients but the quality of care over-rules the priority of the needs for the community (stakeholders). The case study in question only gives the point of view from the hospital, not the patient. So with that said, does the patient feel pushed through the system or do they feel they received a high quality of care? This is where corporate social responsibility (CSR) may be corrupted. CSR intentions are to benefit society with no regards to the financial or legal obligations. Looking at the reduction of time and supplies used, there is a push from the employees to rush patients through their medical services to meet their efficiency process. If this is the case, then both the patients and employees are conflicted. 3. In what situations, if any, would it be difficult or risky to apply lean management practices? What conditions make these practices challenging in these situations? In order for lean management to work, you must have management that understands the concept of lean management and how employees play a role in the success of the outcome. Leadership co-working with employees is essential for lean management to be successful. If you have managers or supervisors in place that does not allow employees to have a say in what works and what does not work, the implementation of lean management may result in failure. The conditions that make this challenging are when management decides what solution to use without understanding the real problem. References: McShane, S., & Glinow, M. (2015). Organizational behavior (Seventh ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Difference between Festival in Europe and China

Festivals are said to define who we are. These are sets of traditions that we follow in a certain community. For China and Europe, their festivals are alike in such way that they all prepare extravagantly for the event with costumes, dishes and etcetera (Richardson, 2006). These festivals also commemorate a certain person or event that is of great importance for the people in the country or community. Some festivities like the Saint Valentines’ day and Christmas day are also alike in some ways. For instance, valentines day is the time were people express their love for the people that they care about just like in Christmas.Though Valentines Day connote lovers and couples it still gives the message of love in the same way as Christmas is the day of love and sharing(Pleck, 1999). The color red is also very popular during these festivities since it is the color of love. The atmosphere of the two festivals is the same since there is an air of love, sharing and compassion. People e xchange gifts and they have an icon that represents them. For valentines it is the cupid and for Christmas it is Santa(Elevale, 2007). However they vary in time since the former is on February 14 and Christmas is on December 25.New Year on the other hand is different from the festivals mentioned above. It is more related to other Chinese festivals since they ward off evil spirits through the use of fireworks. This festival is also not about love and sharing but of a fresh start. There are no figures or icons associated with it unlike that of Christmas and Valentines Day. Just like in the Dragon Boat Festival, the main focus is scaring away the evil in the home. The Dragon Boat festival in China is called â€Å"Duan Wu Jie† in Chinese and it is celebrated along with Mid-autumn festival and Chinese New year.It is one of the three major festivals celebrated on the fifth lunar month of the Chinese calendar and on its fifth day which normally falls on June 5. This is also known as the double fifth day. The fifth day of the month is believed by the Chinese to be the month of the devil since this is the time were disease become rampant. The Dragon Boat festival is done to drive away these evil spirits. This festival has the longest record in history because of its relevance to the lives of its citizens. Through the festival they are reminded to take care of their health and drive away evil spirits.This festival is highlighted by dragon boat races. Contestants ride in colorful boats with dragon designs and they row together with the rhythm of the drums. There are also special dishes that are associated with the festival. A few of these is the hsiung huan wine that adults drink to prevent evil from invading their body and to bring inner peace. Another dish is the tzung tzu which is a rice ball that was believed to e eaten by Chu Yuan before he drowned. Chu Yuan is a Poet who took his own life by jumping off the boat when he felt that there is nothing that he cou ld do to save his country from bad luck.He was known to be a good man y his neighbors so to prevent the fish from eating his body they threw food to the river to feed the fishes. They also right on boats with loud drums to scare the fishes. The fierce dragons are also added to the head of the boat. His neighbors rushed to the river to find his body and that is where the dragon race is said to have originated. It is said that the dragon festival is done to commemorate his death in 277 B. C. at the fifth day of the fifth lunar month (low, 2006).Since then the festival has evolved into eating the rice dumplings instead of throwing them to the fishes and because this festival also reminded them to take care of their health, they hanged herbs at their front doors. The most significant part of the festival is done at 12 noon where they try to balance and egg and make is stand. If they can do it, they will have a lucky year. The festival in Italy on the other hand is different of that in C hina. The focus is on the streets and not in the river. They decorate it with lights and vendors begin to line up the streets.The Festa della Madonna Bruna is a celebration of the people’s devotion to the brown madona (Foschino, 2002). This is where men in horses and costumes parade the streets and they guard the float of the brown madona. The brown Madona is used by knights to protect them in battles. They would paint her face on their shields and on their chariots(Lee, 2000). People try to get a piece of this paper mache ripping it into pieces. The float is then reduced into just chicken wire and a few paper since the devotees have already torn it apart.But this act is not just an extreme form of fanaticism but is supported by their faith. This means that by destroying the old they give way to the new(Bakerjian, 2003). It is rebirth. This festival happens on the 2nd of July. The history of this festival goes as far as 1389, not as old as that in China. They also don’ t have special dishes. The festival is just ended with an extravagant fireworks display at the church(Martin, 2000). These festivals reflect the values and the history of the people who celebrate it. Though some of them may seem a bit peculiar, they bear certain significance to the community.They are celebrated with zest and joyfulness that the entire community is caught up in preparation. It is also anticipated by many. These festivals are important to the lives of the people since they have beliefs that they find necessary for their daily lives. Though these festivals have certain differences, they are intended to celebrate or commemorate the events that are important for the people and their community. It is a way of reliving the history of a community that has paved way into what the community has become. These are the events that shaped the lives of the populace either through religion or common practices.

Billie Holiday essays

Billie Holiday essays Billie Holiday was born on April 7,1915, in Baltimore. Billie Holiday's grandfather had been a Slave in Virgina. Billie's parents, Sally Fagan and Clarence Holiday, were both born in Baltimore. They married as teens, soon after, Sally gave birth to Eleanora Fagan. While growing up, she changed her name to Billie Holiday. Shortly after the birth, Clarence Holdiay deserted his family to tour with Fletcher Henderson's band. Billie saw little of her immediate family. Her mother would just usually leave her in the care of relatives. With the feeling of shame and loneliness Billie gained a inferiority complex. She began to do crazy things and was becoming quite self destructive. When Billie was six years of age her grandmother died. The family blamed the death on Billie's behavior. At ten she was victimized in a violent rape. When older she worked at a brothel where she cleaned the floors and ran old jobs. It was here that she first listened to the music of Louis Armstrong and Bes! In 1927 she moved to New York City. Not knowing any other life she made a living prostituting. But she still kept her dream of singing alive and eventually convinced the manager of a small nightclub in the city to let her sing a few songs with the house band. The crowd loved her singing. She was soon discovered by John Hammond. She preformed under the name Billie Holiday, after one of her favorite film stars, Billie Dove. She got her first recording session with the famous Benny Goodman. Her first recordings were not all that successful but it was obvious to see that a star was beginning to shine. In 1935 she meet up with a pianist named Teddy Wilson, who was in a pick up band. She traveled with the band for a while and hit it off. People were beginning to learn about a great singer who had a fresh new style that was a combination of Louis Armstrong's swinging and Bessie Smith's sound. Over the next seven years she would go on to ...

V-1 Flying Bomb in World War II

V-1 Flying Bomb in World War II The V-1 flying bomb was developed by Germany during World War II (1939-1945) as a vengeance weapon and was an early unguided cruise missile. Tested at Peenemà ¼nde-West facility, the V-1 was the only production aircraft to utilize a pulsejet for its power plant.The first of the V-weapons to become operational, the V-1 flying bomb entered service in June 1944 and was used to strike London and southeastern England from launch facilities in northern France and the Low Countries. When these facilities were overrun, V-1s were fired at Allied port facilities around Antwerp, Belgium. Due to its high speed, few Allied fighters were capable of intercepting a V-1 in flight. Fast Facts: V-1 Flying Bomb User: Nazi GermanyManufacturer: FieselerIntroduced: 1944Length: 27 ft., 3 in.Wingspan: 17 ft. 6 in.Loaded Weight: 4,750 lbs. Performance Power Plant: Argus As 109-014 pulse jet engineRange: 150 milesMax Speed: 393 mphGuidance System: Gyrocompass based autopilot Armament Warhead: 1,870 lbs. Amatol Design The idea of a flying bomb was first proposed to the Luftwaffe in 1939. Turned down, a second proposal was also declined in 1941. With German losses increasing, the Luftwaffe revisited the concept in June 1942 and approved the development of an inexpensive flying bomb that possessed a range of around 150 miles. To protect the project from Allied spies, it was designated Flak Ziel Geraet (anti-aircraft target apparatus). Design of the weapon was overseen by Robert Lusser of Fieseler and Fritz Gosslau of the Argus engine works. Refining the earlier work of Paul Schmidt, Gosslau designed a pulse jet engine for the weapon. Consisting of few moving parts, the pulse jet operated by air entering into the intake where it was mixed with fuel and ignited by spark plugs. The combustion of the mixture forced sets of intake shutters closed, producing a burst of thrust out the exhaust. The shutters then opened again in the airflow to repeat the process. This occurred around fifty times a second and gave the engine its distinctive buzz sound. A further advantage to the pulse jet design was that it could operate on low-grade fuel. Cutaway drawing of V-1. US Air Force Gosslaus engine was mounted above a simple fuselage which possessed short, stubby wings. Designed by Lusser, the airframe was originally constructed entirely of welded sheet steel. In production, plywood was substituted for constructing the wings. The flying bomb was directed to its target through the use of a simple guidance system which relied on gyroscopes for stability, a magnetic compass for heading, and a barometric altimeter for altitude control. A vane anemometer on the nose drove a counter which determined when the target area was reached and triggered a mechanism to cause the bomb to dive. Development Development of the flying bomb progressed at the Peenemà ¼nde, where the V-2 rocket was being tested. The first glide test of the weapon occurred in early December 1942, with the first powered flight on Christmas Eve. Work continued through the spring of 1943, and on May 26, Nazi officials decided to place the weapon into production. Designated the Fiesler Fi-103, it was more commonly referred to as V-1, for Vergeltungswaffe Einz (Vengeance Weapon 1). With this approval, work accelerated at Peenemà ¼nde while operational units were formed and launch sites constructed. A German crew prepares a V-1, 1944. Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1975-117-26 / Lysiak / CC-BY-SA 3.0 While many of the V-1s early test flights had commenced from German aircraft, the weapon was intended to be launched from ground sites through the use of ramps fitted with steam or chemical catapults. These sites were quickly constructed in northern France in the Pas-de-Calais region. While many early sites were destroyed by Allied aircraft as part of Operation Crossbow before becoming operational, new, concealed locations were built to replace them. While V-1 production was spread across Germany, many were built by slave labor at the notorious underground Mittelwerk plant near Nordhausen. Operational History The first V-1 attacks occurred on June 13, 1944, when around ten of the missiles were fired towards London. V-1 attacks began in earnest two days later, inaugurating the flying bomb blitz. Due to the odd sound of the V-1s engine, the British public dubbed the new weapon the buzz bomb and doodlebug. Like the V-2, the V-1 was unable to strike specific targets and was intended to be an area weapon that inspired terror in the British population. Those on the ground quickly learned that the end of a V-1s buzz signaled that it was diving to the ground. Early Allied efforts to counter the new weapon were haphazard as fighter patrols often lacked aircraft that could catch the V-1 at its cruising altitude of 2,000-3,000 feet and anti-aircraft guns could not traverse quickly enough to hit it. To combat the threat, anti-aircraft guns were redeployed across southeastern England and over 2,000 barrage balloons were also deployed. The only aircraft suitable for defensive duties in mid-1944 was the new Hawker Tempest which was only available in limited numbers. This was soon joined by modified P-51 Mustangs and Spitfire Mark XIVs. Seen in silhouette, a Royal Air Force Supermarine Spitfire manoeuvres alongside a German V-1 flying bomb in an attempt to deflect it from its target. Public Domain At night, the De Havilland Mosquito was used as an effective interceptor. While the Allies made improvements in aerial interception, new tools aided the fight from the ground. In addition to faster-traversing guns, the arrival of gun-laying radars (such as the SCR-584) and proximity fuses made ground fire the most effective way of defeating the V-1. By late August 1944, 70% of V-1s were destroyed by guns on the coast. While these home defense techniques were becoming effective, the threat was only ended when Allied troops overran German launch positions in France and the Low Countries. With the loss of these launch sites, the Germans were forced to rely on air-launched V-1s for striking at Britain. These were fired from modified Heinkel He-111s flying over the North Sea. A total of 1,176 V-1s were launched in this manner until the Luftwaffe suspended the approach due to bomber losses in January 1945. Though no longer able to hit targets in Britain, the Germans continued to use the V-1 to strike at Antwerp and other key sites in the Low Countries that had been liberated by the Allies. A German Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 H-22 with a V-1 mounted. US Air Force Over 30,000 V-1s were produced during the war with around 10,000 fired at targets in Britain. Of these, only 2,419 reached London, killing 6,184 people and injuring 17,981. Antwerp, a popular target, was hit by 2,448 between October 1944 and March 1945. A total of around 9,000 were fired at targets in Continental Europe. Though V-1s only struck their target 25% of the time, they proved more economical than the Luftwaffes bombing campaign of 1940/41. Regardless, the V-1 was largely a terror weapon and had little overall impact on the outcome of the war. During the war, both the United States and the Soviet Union reverse engineered the V-1 and produced their versions. Though neither saw combat service, the American JB-2 was intended for use during the proposed invasion of Japan. Retained by the US Air Force, the JB-2 was used as a test platform into the 1950s.

Why is it important for individuals and organizations to change Essay

Why is it important for individuals and organizations to change - Essay Example Consequently, personal changes facilitate correction of deviant behaviours in people. Through the process of individual change, people incorporate new knowledge and practices that eventually transform into a culture. Therefore, individual change is a prerequisite process for cultural development. At the organizational level, change is significant for optimisation of the status of the institution. Organizational changes facilitate adaptation of the institution to environmental dynamics. Business organizations operate in a highly competitive market that is intertwined with technological and managerial advancements. Organizational changes thus enable firms to implement new management strategies, operational technologies and effective organizational cultures that would preserve or heighten their marketing niche. Additionally, changes are significant in organizations to mitigate operational or managerial crisis. Thus, organizational change is important for the development and implementation of an effective organizational culture (Quinn, 1996). Personally, deep change refers to a change process that is radical in that it is irreversible and individual control over the process is limited. Deep change is underlined with a personal vision that motivates one to pursue the change process independently. Unlike incremental change that is characterised with transactional processes, deep change entails transformational process and leadership. In addition, one should always be ready to encounter risks or even failure while undertaking deep change. Wholesomely, deep change encompasses sustainable changes at both the individual and organizational

Towar Sustainability Tourism in the republic of Cyprus Term Paper

Towar Sustainability Tourism in the republic of Cyprus - Term Paper Example Indeed, various communities rely on tourism to bring economic growth and stability into the community. Nevertheless, many people overlook the potential and environmental impact that tourism brings to a society. In fact, various confirm that many of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) engage in unsustainable tourism development, which generates irreversible and adverse effects that lead to social, cultural, and environmental challenges on the reference economy. Nevertheless, various communities and governmental agencies like European Union and United Nations agencies have been trying to promote sustainable tourism development across the world. However, the LCDs manifest lack of concern to these interventions to lack of knowledge and commitment towards sustainable tourism development and hence the continued unsustainable tourism development. Notably, tourism activities in Cyprus are prone to these dynamics. The republic of Cyprus is a dominant tourist destination because it is seemingly lo cated between three continents where it is at the top right hand corner of the Mediterranean and it is very close to Europe, Asia, and Africa. Before the contemporary development and planning of tourism, the republic of Cyprus had many tourism activities but it was yet to reach maximum development (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). Indeed, there were more than 21,000 visitor arrivals and 4000 beds between 5 towns in Cyprus (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). The Cyprus Tourism Organisation is responsible for the tourist planning and research and the development and marketing of the tourist product in Cyprus (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013). Established in 1969 by the Republic of Cyprus, the Cyprus Tourism Organisation (CTO) is a statutory body whose main aim was to organize and promote tourism in the Republic of Cyprus, by using all possibilities and resources available (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). The CTO does not offer travel agent services but focuses on offering assistance to professional bodies, companies and individuals who have an interest in Cyprus' tourism with an overall goal of enhancing economic growth in Cyprus (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013). Indeed, the CTO had a policy that consistently aimed at attracting high and middle-income visitors to the exclusion of mass tourism (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). Another body that regulated tourism in Cyprus is the Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry, and Tourism. This ministry had a mandate of formulating and implementing Government policy on matters pertaining to trade, industry, tourism, and Consumer, in such a way that it will contribute positively towards the further development of the Cyprus economy and the well-being of the population of the island (Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism, 2013). The factors affecting tourism activities in Cyprus include the Turkish invasion that occurred in 1974 placing a hold on all economic activity in Cyprus. The invasion sought to divide Cyprus in to two b y invoking the Treatee of Guarantee (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). This jeopardized tourism development in Cyprus as the island lost a huge part of its territory as well as its potential in manufacturing and agriculture. Indeed, there was a closure of most accommodation, entertainment, and catering buildings as well as airports, which limited access top various place in Cyprus (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). This lowered the tourist levels and forced the government to consider